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Publication:
Best's Review
Publication Date: 01-SEP-04
Author: Wantz, Brad
Full Article:
To prevail in court, the ability to determine
conclusively the cause and responsibility for water intrusion, a prerequisite
for mold growth in buildings, is vital. But proving or disproving what caused
the damage and where it is coming from--and determining whether it is covered
and if it is, how much it is going o to cost to repair it--have been time
consuming and expensive and often inconclusive. The process of finding the
source of the moisture intrusion is the hard part, and usually has combined
visual inspection, field experience in locating intrusive moisture, the use of
contact moisture meters and tearing out wails and ceilings.
Until now, environmental investigators have been using moisture probes. They
push the metal probe into the drywall, or into a ceiling, and it will tell them
if it's wet or not wet. But they can't always reach all the areas without
building scaffolding, bringing in ladders, using a lot of labor and taking a lot
of time. If you get water damage loss, you want to eliminate any chance of mold,
because so much of it has been written out of policies. If it's not detected and
appears down the road, everyone may get sued, from the insurance company to the
restoration company.
Now, however, the availability of small, affordable infrared cameras has
dramatically reduced the time and expense of detecting moisture and possible
mold in a building and tracing its source. With the IR camera, the investigator
can stand on the ground, look around from one spot, map out the entire room and
tell the exact location of the water. As a result, IR has been instrumental in
cutting down the time that it takes to find everything out. It takes less time
for the investigator, and the contractor or restoration company can get in
faster, go right to the damage and get to work immediately.
That's because they can evaluate the condition much more quickly without
destroying the building, and everybody can understand what it is when the
investigator points to the infrared image and says, "This window leaks." It's
evident that the window leaks. You can see the color changes on the infrared
image. It's a slam dunk.
Hidden Danger
Investigators don't have to spend three hours probing, marking and determining
where all the water is. That can be quite time consuming, especially in a large
commercial building, where the process can take an entire day or more. Sometimes
you don't find it all. And that's the scary part with probes--you can't always
get to where the water is. If there is a layer of some material that's trapping
the water and you can't get to it, you don't know it's there. With the IR
camera, the water doesn't have to be at the surface. The camera sees through all
of the walls and the ceilings to give you a complete picture of the extent of
the water.
That's important. What often has happened in the past is that the day after the
contractor has used his or her equipment to dry a section of wall identified by
a moisture probe, the moisture is still there. You couldn't tell if there still
was trapped water slowly leaking without opening the wall up. IR lets
investigators see what's going on behind the wall without opening it up, saving
time and costs.
The IR camera recently saved a client thousands of dollars by enabling
investigators to identify where water came in, where it went out and the route
it traveled. Without the camera they would have had to rip up an entire roof to
determine where water entered. And they couldn't have determined its route
without ripping up the ceiling. Based on the camera's findings, the insurer was
able to deny coverage, because investigators could prove it was a maintenance
problem. Without the camera, they couldn't have proven that the alleged cause of
loss was incorrect, and the insurer would have had to pay. And later, the client
could have claimed dry rot and mold damage.
Multiple Cost Savings
In cases where insurers are liable, infrared thermography can help keep the cost
of repair down by enabling the restoration contractors, hired by the insurers,
to use their fans, dryers and dehumidifiers in exact locations. This will help
dry the facility faster, allowing the people affected to get back to work or
into their homes, without as much living or business expense.
Infrared thermography also saves money on the front end, since insurance
companies have to pay for any 2destructive investigative testing, even if
there's no damage found. Insurers and investigators have hardly scratched the
surface for all of the uses for the IR camera in building diagnostics. Finding
water that's underneath flat roofs, which has been a nightmare for roofers and
contractors, is particularly exciting. Using IR for flooring water damage claims
is also significant because that's one of the highest percentage types of claims
that insurance companies pay out.
When adjusters can save money for the insurance company by finding and using
specialists who use state-of-the-art tools, they make themselves more valuable
to insurers by keeping the indemnity cost of claims handling to a minimum.
Infrared cameras are an important addition to that arsenal of tools.
How Infrared Thermography Works
Thermography enables viewers to see and measure heat. All materials on Earth
emit heat energy in the infrared portion of the spectrum. Unfortunately, the
unaided human eye cannot see in the infrared. Infrared cameras, however, not
only can see, but also can record infrared images and measure the temperatures
of objects and areas of objects quite accurately. Real-time imaging allows the
user to see the infrared image displayed as the camera is moved, like a
viewfinder.
Thermography can pinpoint leaks in roofing and other building materials by
exploiting the thermal properties of water. Water stores heat very well; it
warms up or cools down more slowly than other materials common in buildings.
This property is called "specific heat" by physicists. The greater its specific
heat, the more energy is required to heat or cool a particular material. Water
has a much higher specific heat than wood and subsequently cools down or heats
up much more slowly than wood under similar conditions. This difference in
temperature can be imaged and measured using an IR camera.
Thermography measures and compares the temperatures of building materials that
are wet--presumably from leaks--and materials that are dry. On a flat roof,
after sunset the wet areas retain the heat absorbed during the day longer than
the surrounding dry areas, causing a temperature difference that can be imaged.
IR also can be used to inspect the underside of roof decks, a highly effective
approach when working with metal and ballasted roofing systems, which are
difficult or impossible to inspect from above.
Wet areas of interior building walls, ceilings and floors, on the other hand,
cool as the water evaporates. Typically, such wet areas can be 3 to 6 Fahrenheit
degrees cooler than similar dry materials. They are easily imaged with currently
available IR cameras, which can discern temperature differences down to 1/10 of
a Fahrenheit degree.
Source: FLIR Systems
Key Points
* Infrared thermography can penetrate walls and ceilings to reveal hidden water
that traditional probes may not be able to reach.
* Finding the water quickly and precisely prevents further damage and reduces
the costs of investigation and repair.
* Infrared thermography also can trace the source and route of the water, which
are important in determining insurers' liability.
Brad Wantz is a general insurance adjuster with the Malmgren Group in
Sacramento, Calif.
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